PM 2.5
http://pmst.panasonic.com.tw/active/nanoe/PSPCpm.aspx?nanoe=fb07&nad=pm25
Authorities in Beijing have issued an “orange” smog alert as polluting particles have been recorded at more than 20 times higher than "safe" levels. That should give them something to talk about in Paris. From the archive
Why China's "airpocalypse" is even worse than previously thought
類似的汽車燃油規格之訂定 Herbert Simon當過美國國家科學委員會的顧問，代表參與訂定國家的新規則 。參考其回憶錄。
wsj
中
國將於未來四年提高車用柴油和汽油標準。中國領導人正努力應對越來越大的公眾壓力﹐要求解決國內污染加劇的問題。
中國國務院週三說﹐要在2017年底將全國燃油標準提高至目前歐美水平。中國官員同時還說﹐將儘快發佈車用柴油新標準﹐屆時可將硫排放大幅降至當前允許水平的七分之一。國務院說﹐新柴油標准將於明年底在全國施行。
Reuters
圖片：中國空氣污染的代價
中國國務院網站上的這則聲明顯示﹐北京還將給中國煉油業一定空間﹐使其可將成本轉給消費者。在中國﹐燃油價格受到嚴格控制﹐因而對煉油企業產生一定限制﹐無法輕易將煉油廠升級改造和優化治污措施的成本轉嫁給消費者。
中國國務院還說﹐要加強行業自律。聲明說﹐將提高排污費﹐加大油品標準的執行力度和處罰力度。國務院要求中國石油天然氣集團公司(China
National Petroleum Corp.)、中國海洋石油有限公司(China National Offshore Oil
Corp.)和中國石油化工集團公司(China Petrochemical
Corp.)這三大國有油企對煉油設施進行升級改造﹐提供符合標準的油品。這些公司週三晚間沒有回復記者的置評請求。
這些受到廣泛期待的措施是在北京等一些中國城市近來遭遇最嚴重污染後出台的。今年1月﹐這些城市的空氣質量多次處於美國衛生官員認為有毒害的水平﹐而空氣中最具危害性的細微顆粒物PM2.5的濃度也不時“爆表”。這在美國前所未見﹐除非是在發生重大火災的情況下。
REUTERS
2013年2月6日，太陽從北京一座煙囪冒出的濃煙后升起。嚴重的污染水平迫使北京市政府推出了一系列臨時應急措施，比如關停103家重污染工廠、停駛30%的政府車輛，但首都的空氣仍然糟糕。
那
幾次空氣污染讓中國大型國有煉油企業受到關注。中國科學院本週認為﹐北京PM2.5濃度有近四分之一來自機動車排放。行業專家表示﹐負責收緊柴油標準的技
術委員會成員絕大多數為煉油業代表。中國環境保護部政策研究機構機動車排污監控中心主任湯大鋼上個月說﹐在中國官員解決生產成本上漲問題之前﹐中國煉油廠
是不會生產更清潔的燃油的。
特別是柴油﹐中國大部分污染問題都被歸咎於此。卡車數量佔中國機動車總量近四分之一﹐但其排污量卻高得不成比例﹐佔全國機動車總排放量的近80%。
那則聲明說﹐中國將發佈硫含量不大於50ppm的“第四階段”車用柴油標準﹐明年底正式實施。眼下中國實施的是硫含量不大於350ppm的標準。
此外﹐中國國務院還說﹐今年將發佈“第五階段”車用柴油和汽油標準﹐硫含量不大於10ppm﹐但過渡期至2017年底。
美國環境保護署稱﹐美國已於2006年至2010年期間分階段引入了硫含量不超過15ppm的柴油標準。歐洲現在使用的柴油標準不超過10ppm。
AARON BACK / CARLOS TEJADA
2013年 02月 07日 09:57
China Plans To Raise Standards For Fuel
China will increase fuel standards for diesel and gasoline over the next
four years as leaders grapple with intensifying public pressure to
solve the nation's mounting pollution problems.
China's State
Council, or cabinet, said Wednesday it will ratchet up national fuel
standards to levels similar to those currently found in the U.S. and
Europe by the end of 2017. In the meantime, Chinese officials said they
will publish new automotive diesel standards as soon as possible that
will slash sulfur emissions to about one-seventh of current permitted
levels. The new diesel standards will become effective nationwide by the
end of next year, it said.
Beijing will also give room to
China's refining industry to pass on the cost to consumers, according to
the statement on the State Council's website. China strictly controls
fuel prices, which limits the ability of refining companies to easily
pass on the cost of refinery and antipollution upgrades to consumers.
The
State Council also said it will hold industry more accountable. Fees
for pollution will be raised, the statement said, while enforcement of
the fuel-quality standards will be stepped up and penalties increased
for violations, it added. It ordered China's three state-owned oil
companies, China National Petroleum Corp., China National Offshore Oil
Corp. and China Petrochemical Corp., to upgrade refining facilities to
meet the standards. The companies didn't respond to requests late
Wednesday for comment.
The moves, which were widely expected,
follow the worst pollution in Beijing and other parts of the country in
recent memory. Several times during the month of January air quality in
the region lingered at levels considered hazardous by health officials
in the U.S. The levels of the most dangerous particulate matter in the
air─known as PM2.5 for its extremely small size─at times rose to levels
not seen in the U.S. except during major fires.
The spate of
pollution put China's massive state-controlled refining industry under a
spotlight. The Chinese Academy of Sciences this week blamed motor
vehicles for contributing nearly one-quarter of Beijing's PM2.5 levels.
The technical committee working on tighter diesel standards is
overwhelmingly dominated by refining-industry representatives, according
to industry experts. Tang Dagang, director of the Vehicle Emission
Control Center, a policy research group also affiliated with China's
Environmental Protection Ministry, said last month that Chinese
refineries won't produce cleaner fuel until the higher production costs
are addressed by Chinese officials.
Diesel fuel in particular has
been blamed for much of China's pollution problems. Trucks account for
almost one quarter of China's vehicles but contribute a disproportionate
share, almost 80%, of vehicle particulate matter.
China will
publish what it calls 'fourth stage' automotive diesel standards that
allow maximum sulfur content of 50 parts per million, the statement
said, compared with current limits of 350 parts per mission, to go into
effect by the end of next year.
Meanwhile, the State Council said
it would publish 'fifth stage' standards for refined gasoline and
diesel this year limiting sulfur content to 10 parts per million, but
these standards won't take effect until the end of 2017.
By
contrast, the U.S. phased in diesel with sulfur content of 15 parts per
million between 2006 and 2010, according to the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency. European standards require diesel fuel of 10 parts
per million or less.
AARON BACK / CARLOS TEJADA
與WSJ的報導相比FT的水平差不合格
中国出台严厉的车用油品新标准
中国宣布了严厉的车用油品新标准来遏制空气污染，这是针对今冬浓厚雾霾笼罩中国多个城市出台的首项重大对策。
中国国务院昨日宣布，新的低硫车用柴油标准到2014年底将成为强制性的，更严格的超低硫车用汽油和柴油标准到2017年底将成为强制性的。
这些油品标准多年来一直是中国国有石油企业与环保部之间的争执焦点。石油企业以成本为由反对此类标准，环保部则支持此类标准。
不过，近几周来极其严重的污染似乎打破了均势，促使中国新领导层对强大的能源企业采取强硬姿态。
昨日的通告点了各大石油企业的名，包括中石油(CNPC)、中石化(Sinopec)和中海油(Cnooc)，要求它们按时完成炼油厂的升级改造。
由于低硫油品生产成本更高，中国石油企业多年来一直在游说，要求推迟实行更严格的油品标准和机动车排放标准。其中一个例子是，针对柴油卡车尾气排放的一个新标准，本应从2011年起生效，但最终却被多次推迟，原因是石油企业未能生产出合规的油品。
汽车排放和煤炭燃烧都是导致空气污染的重要原因。根据中国科学院的研究，在北京，至少19%的微型颗粒物（可导致呼吸道和心脏疾病的污染物）来自机动车。
译者/何黎
Beijing acts tough to combat smog
By Leslie Hook in Beijing
China has announced
aggressive new standards for vehicle fuel in an effort to combat air
pollution, its first significant response to the heavy smog that has
blanketed many Chinese cities this winter.
Yesterday the state council said that a new, low-sulphur standard for
automotive diesel would become mandatory by the end of 2014. A stricter
ultra-low sulphur standard for both petrol and diesel will take effect
by 2017.
These fuel specifications have for years been a bone of contention
between China’s state-owned oil companies, which oppose them on cost
grounds, and the ministry of environmental protection, which supports
them.
However, the extreme pollution of recent weeks seems to have tipped
the scales and prompted the new leadership to take a tough stance
towards the powerful energy companies.
Yesterday’s
announcement singles out the oil companies, CNPC, Sinopec and Cnooc,
and mandates that they complete the necessary upgrades to their
refineries on time.
Because low-sulphur fuel is more expensive to produce, Chinese oil
companies had lobbied for years to delay stricter fuel and vehicle
emissions standards. One example is a new standard for exhaust emissions
for diesel trucks that was supposed to go into effect in 2011 but was
delayed several times because the oil companies did not produce
compliant fuel.
Vehicle emissions, along with coal burning, are an important cause of
air pollution. In Beijing at least 19 per cent of small particulate
matter – the kind that can trigger respiratory and heart disease – comes
from vehicles, according to the Chinese Academy of Sciences.
