防疫建言 By何大一 、James Robb, MD UC San Diego. 建議公民在家中儲備十天的物資清單(德國)

“鸡尾酒疗法”发明者、华裔科学家何大一3月3日在接受美国之音采访时表示，口罩对已经被感染并且希望阻止病毒传播给别人的人很有用，对需要与感染患者保持密切接触的医护人员也很有用。但是对于普通民众来说，在地铁上或在街道上行走戴口罩并没有意义，这在亚洲是有的。https://bit.ly/2wxoM4G




James Robb, MD UC San Diego. 詹姆斯.蘿蔔，加州大學聖地亞哥分校醫學博士

Subject: What I am doing for the upcoming COVID-19 (coronavirus) pandemic
新冠疫情擴散下我的防備攻略

Dear Colleagues, as some of you may recall, when I was a professor of pathology at the University of California San Diego, I was one of the first molecular virologists in the world to work on coronaviruses (the 1970s). I was the first to demonstrate the number of genes the virus contained. Since then, I have kept up with the coronavirus field and its multiple clinical transfers into the human population (e.g., SARS, MERS), from different animal sources.
眾所周知，我是冠狀病毒的分子病毒專家，從70年代到現在一直在研究這些病毒。所以我是有發言權的。

The current projections for its expansion in the US are only probable, due to continued insufficient worldwide data, but it is most likely to be widespread in the US by mid to late March and April.
現在大規模在美國爆發還只是一個可能，現在還是數據不足。但是廣泛傳播要到三月底四月。

Here is what I have done and the precautions that I take and will take. These are the same precautions I currently use during our influenza seasons, except for the mask and gloves.:
我預防冠狀病毒的方法和防止流感一樣，只是增加口罩和手套。

1) NO HANDSHAKING! Use a fist bump, slight bow, elbow bump, etc.
不要和別人握手。用碰拳頭，小鞠躬，碰胳膊肘等代替。

2) Use ONLY your knuckle to touch light switches. elevator buttons, etc.. Lift the gasoline dispenser with a paper towel or use a disposable glove.
只用手指關節去開燈的開關和電梯按鈕。用紙或者戴手套加汽油。

3) Open doors with your closed fist or hip - do not grasp the handle with your hand, unless there is no other way to open the door. Especially important on bathroom and post office/commercial doors.
不要用手抓門把，特別是公共廁所，郵局，商業中心的門。用拳頭和屁股把門撞開。

4) Use disinfectant wipes at the stores when they are available, including wiping the handle and child seat in grocery carts.
如果店裡有抗菌濕巾提供，用它來擦所有碰到的把柄和兒童座。

5) Wash your hands with soap for 10-20 seconds and/or use a greater than 60% alcohol-based hand sanitizer whenever you return home from ANY activity that involves locations where other people have been.
每次從外面回家，至少用肥皂洗手20秒。

6) Keep a bottle of sanitizer available at each of your home's entrances. AND in your car for use after getting gas or touching other contaminated objects when you can't immediately wash your hands.
在家裡的門口和車里放一瓶消毒液。

7) If possible, cough or sneeze into a disposable tissue and discard. Use your elbow only if you have to. The clothing on your elbow will contain infectious virus that can be passed on for up to a week or more!
如果來得及，盡量打噴嚏擤鼻涕到紙巾上。如果來不及用胳膊肘捂了，要及時換衣服。

What I have stocked in preparation for the pandemic spread to the US:
在美國家裡，我囤積了一下物資：

1) Latex or nitrile latex disposable gloves for use when going shopping, using the gasoline pump, and all other outside activity when you come in contact with contaminated areas.
一次性橡皮手套，外出時備用。

Note: This virus is spread in large droplets by coughing and sneezing. This means that the air will not infect you! BUT all the surfaces where these droplets land are infectious for about a week on average - everything that is associated with infected people will be contaminated and potentially infectious.
注意，病毒靠咳嗽和打噴嚏產生的較大的水霧珠傳播的，不是因為空氣本身。所有的水霧珠會落在各種各樣的表面，在那裡呆一個星期之久。所有感染的人碰過的東西都有病毒。

The virus is on surfaces and you will not be infected unless your unprotected face is directly coughed or sneezed upon. This virus only has cell receptors for lung cells (it only infects your lungs) The only way for the virus to infect you is through your nose or mouth via your hands or an infected cough or sneeze onto or into your nose or mouth.
這個病毒只會感染你的肺，而進入的途徑就是你的口鼻。所以唯一被感染的機會是你的手帶到你的口鼻除非有人直接對著你的臉打噴嚏咳嗽。

2) Stock up now with disposable surgical masks and use them to prevent you from touching your nose and/or mouth (We touch our nose/mouth 90X/day without knowing it!). This is the only way this virus can infect you - it is lung-specific. The mask will not prevent the virus in a direct sneeze from getting into your nose or mouth - it is only to keep you from touching your nose or mouth.
在家裡儲存一些一次性醫用口罩。其實口罩並不是用來防止別人對你打噴嚏，而是阻止你的手老是去碰你的口鼻。你可能不知道，我們每天不知不覺會碰自己的口鼻90次以上。

3) Stock up now with hand sanitizers and latex/nitrile gloves (get the appropriate sizes for your family). The hand sanitizers must be alcohol-based and greater than 60% alcohol to be effective.
儲存一些洗手消毒液，最好是含有有60%以上酒精那種。買一些手套。

4) Stock up now with zinc lozenges. These lozenges have been proven to be effective in blocking coronavirus (and most other viruses) from multiplying in your throat and nasopharynx. Use as directed several times each day when you begin to feel ANY "cold-like" symptoms beginning. It is best to lie down and let the lozenge dissolve in the back of your throat and nasopharynx. Cold-Eeze lozenges is one brand available, but there are other brands available.
儲備大量的鋅錠劑。一般的藥店應該有很多選擇。其中一種叫Cold-Eeze lozenges。鋅錠劑被證實對冠狀病毒和其他病毒有一定防治作用。當你開始感到有感冒的感覺到時候，按照說明書每天服用數次。最好安靜的躺下來，讓鋅錠劑慢慢融化在喉嚨和鼻腔里。

I, as many others do, hope that this pandemic will be reasonably contained, BUT I personally do not think it will be. Humans have never seen this snake-associated virus before and have no internal defense against it. Tremendous worldwide efforts are being made to understand the molecular and clinical virology of this virus. Unbelievable molecular knowledge about the genomics, structure, and virulence of this virus has already been achieved. BUT, there will be NO drugs or vaccines available this year to protect us or limit the infection within us. Only symptomatic support is available.
和大家一樣，我希望冠狀病毒的疫情能夠得到控制。科學界已經學到很多關於這個病毒的東西。可是畢竟人類沒有見過這個病毒，也沒有建立對它的免疫力。我不認為一年內會有真正有效藥物和疫苗開發出來拯救人類或者控制病毒。目前只能減緩病狀。

I hope these personal thoughts will be helpful during this potentially catastrophic pandemic. You are welcome to share this email. Good luck to all of us! Jim
我希望我這樣個人的想法對你有所幫助。歡迎你和大家分享這份文章的內容。

祝我們好運！詹姆斯
James Robb, MD FCAP

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德國內政部下屬的聯邦民事保護及災害救助署會定期公佈緊急情況下，建議公民在家中儲備的物資清單。我們來看看清單中都有什麼！

(德國之聲中文網）迄今為止，新冠疫情並沒有在德國社會引起恐慌情緒，更沒有出現哄搶物資的情形。事實上，為了應對各種可能出現的突發情況，比如戰爭、自然災害或其他緊急情況，聯邦德國一直有一個"兩條腿走路"的應急方案：一方面國家層面上負責儲備救濟物資。另一方面也動員居民隨時做好救濟準備。

從1960年代開始，德國就一直在國家層面上進行救濟儲備，以防發生突發情況時，民眾中發生恐慌。德國共在150個秘密地點儲藏了80萬噸糧食，緊急情況發生時，每個居民可獲得十公斤的儲備糧。

除此之外，聯邦德國政府也一直鼓勵民眾適當儲備食物，以備不時之需。2016年8月，德國政府就建議民眾，在家中準備必要物資，以便在出現緊急情況時能夠從容應對。聯邦內政部下屬的聯邦民事保護及災害救助署（https://www.bbk.bund.de）會定期公佈貯備物資清單，供民眾參考。

儲備應急物資，最重要的是保障飲用水充足。

這份清單建議每個成年人都應貯備可供十天使用的食物，以便在緊急情況下，保障每天兩千兩百千卡的熱量攝入。清單要求至少儲備20升飲用水，3.5公斤米麵，6.5公斤罐頭裝蔬菜乾果，2.6公斤奶製品以及便於儲存的魚類肉類製品和全蛋粉。

此外，除了儲備滿足十天需求的食物外，聯邦民事保護及災害救助署還建議民眾隨時準備好應急藥品、衛生用品、身份證件、蠟燭和備用電池等物品。

聯邦民事保護及災害救助署發放的應急手冊中寫道："災難是生活的一部分。德國擁有諸多保護民眾安全的機構和組織。消防隊、警察以及救援服務提供日常救助。自然災害救援組織和技術援助協會則負責應對大型自然災害。緊急情況下，聯邦警察及聯邦軍也可投入災難救助和民眾保護。

總體而言，德國擁有良好的應急機制防範各類災害，但是，再好的救助機制也無法做到永遠萬無一失和及時高效。因此，每個人都應當未雨綢繆，做好自救準備。"